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How scientists got things wrong the first time, and why millions of men are suffering as a result…
—–Important Message——
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One of the most controversial “essential” vitamins
The interval between the 1920s and 1940s was a period of rapid discovery – they discovered a new vitamin almost every year.
Some of these newly discovered nutrients, such as vitamins G & H, were later reclassified under B vitamin designations…
For example, vitamins G & H are now called vitamins B₂ & B₇ (riboflavin and biotin).
Others that originally had a vitamin designation, such as vitamins B₈ & B₁₇, lost their vitamin status after they were shown to be nonessential.
In their haste for the notoriety stemming from a new vitamin discovery, three separate groups of researchers – out of Berkeley, Minnesota, and Yale – made the “essential” claim for vitamin F.
We now know this fatty acid as linoleic acid.
Linoleic acid is one of the most controversial “essential” vitamins – but it retains official vitamin status to this day.
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These researchers created rodent diets that contained absolutely no lipids…
Lipids are molecules that are in fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins.
This step allowed the scientists to have total control over each specific type of food given.
Although no human would ever become “deficient” in fatty acids – because trace amounts are in nearly everything – it still matters on principal because linoleic acid is the worst fatty acid by far.
Nobody should be pressured into consuming linoleic acid out of any supposed necessity.
Fast-forward about 90 years – science has provided us with far more knowledge than the early discoverers of this “deficiency” had available to them…
And some of the new science even shows us exactly how they got things wrong.
Although their logic was fine, for the most part.
But their inability to distinguish between alpha and gamma isomers was one part of the problem.
There were a few other problems as well:
Up to that point, scientists knew that an all-carbohydrate diet would cause characteristic skin and kidney changes.
They also knew that nearly any “fat” would prevent this from happening.
What they didn’t know was which specific fatty acids were capable of doing this.
The Minnesota study was one of the first aimed at resolving this question.
“Later the tail often becomes necrotic and the kidneys degenerate, allowing the passage of blood into the urine. The animals always die at an early age unless fed a curative dose of fat.”
They used a diet consisting of refined sugar for energy, yeast extract for B vitamins, cod liver extract for vitamins A & D, and a highly purified casein stripped of all its fatty acids.
This diet induced the characteristic skin changes that had come to define this so-called essential fatty acid “deficiency”:
But a mere few drops of lard was able to prevent this entirely, and could even reverse the skin changes.
Although lard is mostly saturated fatty acids, it can contain up to 10% linoleic acid – it varies greatly depending on the cow’s diet.
That same year, the Yale group published their study – and the Berkeley group conclusively ruled out a B-vitamin deficiency.
All mammals can make their own saturated fatty acids from glucose during a process called lipogenesis…
So, logically, all of the researchers assumed that an unsaturated fatty acid was causing this improvement for the rats.
Shortly thereafter, Burr & Burr (the Minnesota researchers) published a follow-up study claiming that linoleic acid was the sole preventative agent:
You can see in the graph (above) the different fats they tested.
You can also see that they found a strong trend towards decreased saturation…
In fact, coconut oil, butter, dehydrogenated coconut oil, and stearic acid did not prevent the skin and growth changes at all.
And the failure of butter actually proved that vitamin A (like vitamin B) wasn’t a factor in this at all either.
“The results with butter are of particular importance since the butter adds appreciable amounts of vitamins A and E to the diet without improving the animals’ condition.”
If you look at the graph, it is apparent that oleic acid was just as effective as linoleic acid for preventing and repairing the skin and growth problems in the rats.
So you have to wonder: Why did the researchers consider just linoleic acid to be “essential”?
What exactly is going on here? What is the mechanism?
This can be explained by one observation that these researchers didn’t pay enough attention to…
And that is the increased water loss in the groups of rats that were not given unsaturated fatty acids.
“Evidently the small animals in Group 56 consume twice as much water but excrete no more urine than Group 57.”
This is important because simple skin dehydration, such as from using topical alcohol, will cause scaliness.
But the Burrs reported that rats fed exclusively sucrose and/or saturated fatty acids for energy drank twice as much water while excreting the same amount as the other rats.
They accurately weighed all of this water loss.
The conclusion is that the rats that were not fed unsaturated fatty acids perspired twice as much water as the other rats during the same period.
“The excess water used (10 gm daily) must be lost by evaporation from the lungs and skin.”
Considering just this fact alone, exactly what underlies behind “essential fatty acid deficiency” becomes apparent.
In this study, a group of physical chemists managed to measure water flow through lipid membranes with increasing levels of unsaturation.
They used membranes and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).
Unfortunately, Burr & Burr did not have access to this data.
So in the 1990s study, the researchers managed to measure this water flow by first trapping paramagnetic manganese ions inside of lipid micelles as they were being formed through extrusion.
And then they measured how these ions interact with the paramagnetic ¹⁷O-labeled water they had admitted into the dish.
In this way, they could know the speed of water influx by how quickly it interacts with the manganese in the center, via NMR.
DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) is a membrane lipid, found enriched in the brain – because it has the most double bonds it also takes up the most space.
Double bonds induce kinks in the lipid chain. They also facilitate rotational motion.
Some of the extra space that DHA occupies is simply due to more molecular “wiggling.”
Predictably, they showed that membranes with the most DHA also allowed the most water to enter the cell:
And the membranes enriched with stearic acid (which is fully saturated) admitted the least amount of water…
And that is the very same trend that was seen in the “essential fatty acid” studies.
The degree of unsaturation correlates with the water loss through the skin.
This explains the scaling – and why so many lipid types seem to prevent it.
And it shows why Burr & Burr should have focused on the alpha-linolenic acid content of flaxseed oil – this fatty acid is the sole precursor for DHA.
The classic studies of the 1920s and 1930s were too crude to resolve the two isomers alpha and gamma accurately.
Those are very similar in structure – but worlds apart in hormonal function.
One of these isomers, gamma-linolenic acid, is a dangerous omega–6 fatty acid – and it can become prostaglandin E₂.
This is why we should avoid all omega–6 fatty acids.
And also because they form the extremely potent inflammatory leukotriene B₄.
But the other linolenic acid – which would have been difficult to resolve with 1930s technology – is actually an omega–3 fatty acid.
This goes on to become the safer 3-series prostaglandins.
And those have reduced potency and carcinogenic activity… They are even framed as “anti-inflammatory” by many researchers.
Alpha-linolenic acid is the only truly essential fatty acid.
And even that is only necessary for people who don’t eat fish.
When you consume fish, you’re getting pre-formed DHA and you have no need to eat any “essential” fatty acid.
Linoleic acid is quite dangerous, hormonally, but these skin changes are simply physical effects.
Linoleic acid also produces membrane lipids having either four or five double bonds and so would act to increase water retention nearly as well as DHA.
But people shouldn’t use skin hydration as a justification for eating a carcinogen, especially when a non-carcinogenic lipid is even more effective.
So what about the kidneys?
What causes the characteristic kidney damage consistently noted in the classic studies on “linoleic-acid-deficient” rats?
As it turns out, this is actually a defining feature of DHA deficiency – which in turn is practically equivalent to alpha-linolenic acid deficiency (omega–3).
Although very nearly impossible to avoid in the trace amounts that non-fish-eaters need, the DHA precursor alpha-linolenic acid does have a deficiency model.
This condition is Zellweger’s disease.
People with Zellweger’s are unable to convert alpha-linolenic acid into DHA.
And they have the same kidney problems as the rats in the Burr & Burr studies had – problems that have been historically attributed to linoleic acid deficiency.
“The clinical features and the pathologic changes in the brain and kidney have been very consistent.”
Zellweger’s disease is characterized by reduced brain DHA, increased brain arachidonic acid, and decreased mental capacity.
These conditions are most likely because of reduced glucose flux across DHA-deficient brain membranes…
And also because of the increased levels of arachidonic acid that displaces it.
In the older studies, you can see that they never actually showed that linoleic acid alone eliminates the kidney problems…
It only eliminated the skin changes.
Flaxseed oil does both…
But flaxseed also contains alpha-linolenic acid:
(And, again, if you eat fish you don’t need alpha-linolenic acid at all.)
All linoleic acid does – that we know for a fact – is it prevents skin water loss and flakiness, and it increases body weight…
You would expect these two things anyway, based on the known functions of arachidonic acid and prostaglandin E₂, two of its downstream products.
And this is nothing that the safer omega–3 lipids can’t do.
In addition, we don’t always want higher body weight…
Decades later, in the 1960s and 1970s, scientists used similar purified diets to investigate the relationships between fats and cancer…
Without exception, the results showed that linoleic acid was the most carcinogenic.
On the other hand, stearic acid was (and still often is) the only fatty acid consistently found to be protective against cancer.
The increased rigidity of the cell wall caused by stearic acid tends to lower glucose and water flux.
And this could tend towards skin flakiness in cold climates.
But these effects would tend to be more pronounced in quickly proliferating cells.
The membrane-stiffening property that limits glucose transport and water flux is the same property that tends towards inhibiting cancer.
The lipid hormones derived from omega–3 and omega–9 fatty acids can fulfill the same roles as those derived from their respective omega–6 analogs…
But less powerfully (and less pathologically).
The omega–6 lipid hormones have undue primacy due to their relatively high biological activity and order of discovery.
But the strongest, most pathological, or otherwise unusual things do tend to be discovered first.
—-Important Message—-
Why is the government promoting this BAD food?
The government says “Sugar is bad. White flour is bad. Eat whole-grain this and whole-grain that.”
What if they are deliberately lying?
What if they are making men sicker and sicker…
And what if they are bowing down to the profits of Big Pharma and Big Agriculture?
Do you think this is far-fetched and crazy?
Well, it’s not… I figured that out after years of research… And now many men have found that they can effortlessly lose fat, get lean, and get great erections again – naturally…
…by simply ignoring the government’s advice and doing this instead…
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